I came across another article(this time an inspiring one) and I was moved. It was about a kid who was discovered to be totally deaf when he was three years old. He is Stephen J. Hopson from Michigan.
His parents decided to enroll him in a normal school (I remember Dick and Rick Hoyt, the father-and-son tandem who trekked 3,700+ miles across America despite the disability of Rick I strongly recommend watching that video in youtube.com entitled, "A Journey of Life Together"). When he was in grade 3, from almost the beginning of the school term, he was taunted (v. insulted) by his classmates. He began to feel inferior of himself and his capabilities.
His grade 5 teacher changed the way he looked at himself when she cried, "THAT'S RIGHT STEPHEN!" after he gave a correct answer. He became more confident and a better person.
You can click on the title of this post for the full article.
I suddenly remember one of my students who sent me an SMS last year that said, "Gudpm sir..muzta po..tnx po s mga tnuro nio sa amin..nga2mit q na po n0w.." it means, "Good afternoon sir, how are you. Thank you for what you've taught us. I find it useful."
I wasn't able to get his/her name though, but that message from my former student(+639105425*** is his/her number) is still in my inbox after almost 1 year(i got the message April 19, 2008).
Things like that makes me smile. With what i do everyday, for the past 6years, it has been a routinary task. But for some, what i do makes an impact in their lives. I never knew it will come to this point that I am helping shape the lives of others.
To my former student, whoever you are, THANK YOU!
Wednesday, April 15, 2009
Saturday, April 11, 2009
The Beautiful Mind of John Nash.
I came across an article about Dr. John Nash(click the title of the post for the article), "the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century," according to Mikhail Gromov in 1997.
You're probably familiar with his name if you have seen the movie "A Beautiful Mind" starring Russell Crowe. The movie was inspired from a biography of Dr. Nash of the same title.
Dr. Nash told a reporter once, "If you're going to develop exeptional ideas, it requires a type of thinking that is not simply practical thinking."
And to describe Dr. Nash, i go for this one-liner, "simply a remarkable genius."
You're probably familiar with his name if you have seen the movie "A Beautiful Mind" starring Russell Crowe. The movie was inspired from a biography of Dr. Nash of the same title.
Dr. Nash told a reporter once, "If you're going to develop exeptional ideas, it requires a type of thinking that is not simply practical thinking."
And to describe Dr. Nash, i go for this one-liner, "simply a remarkable genius."
Thursday, January 22, 2009
My Report in Advanced Psychometrics
TESTS FOR CHOOSING CAREERS AND SCREENING EMPLOYEES
Personality Tests: its value in choosing a career path
It is a very common activity for a person to feel dissatisfaction whenever he moves from one job to another and the bar of this dissatisfaction increases when he changes his job before six months. This dissatisfaction comes in one or it happens because of the mismatch of the job with the person.
This means a person chooses or caught in the wrong job, for example an art lover get caught in a financial institution. This kind of jobs mismatch makes a person feel uncomfortable due to which one changes the jobs instantly. One thing which a person can do to avoid all of this kind of discrepancy is a personality test. Personality test is a procedure which if one practices then he will get to know that according to his personality which a suitable job is for him.
Personality test is not a test for which a person needs to go to a doctor or because one can get through with this test on his own. This personality will surely help him to get a suitable job which also matches his attitude and that is the most important thing which one should take care about prior choosing a job.
If a person likes the work he does then he becomes less stressful and is less anxious and his job becomes an enjoyment for him. If a person is doing a work which he really wants and also which suites his personality becomes more potential and performs in a better manner and also in this state the person’s learning ability increases and that too with a very high rate.
To get through with a personality test is not a big hassle these days as it was in earlier period. If a person wants to practice a personality test then he can undergoes the test as these tests are available free of charge on the internet and one can find thousands of links in just a single go.
This can not be judged that all of the personality tests which are available online are useful because there are many tests which are permissible but also there are many which are used only for fun and entertainment. Most of the tests are free but still there are people who pay for these tests because they think that they will get the appropriate result from this service and they could be right as well.
If you want to be happy in your work, you need to find a career that suits your personality, meets your needs and helps you to achieve your personal goals. This article shows you how to use psychometric tests to identify the careers that you will enjoy.
It can be very difficult to separate the careers that suit your personality and abilities from the careers that would frustrate you or make you unhappy. To be happy and successful in a job, you need to ensure that your abilities, values and personality are well aligned with those needed for your chosen career and with those of the organization you work for.
Online psychometric tests are very useful for this sort of self-assessment - they are quick to complete and give you good information on which you can base your Decision Making.
An important approach is provided by Assessment.com with the MAPP test. This asks you a series of questions based on your work preferences, and then recommends the careers that suit your preferences
A different approach is provided by Analyze My Career provides a suite of powerful psychometric tests - its different tools help you to assess your personality and fundamental skills in key areas. From these, it is able to suggest a good range of occupations that will suit you. This approach is important in that it gives you an objective assessment of whether you have the skills needed to succeed in particular careers.
One of the most widely used multiple aptitude batteries is the Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT). First published in 1947, it was designed principally for use in educational and career counseling of students in grades 8-12 and adults with more than 9 years of schooling but who may not have graduated form high school.
The DAT comprises the following 8 tests: Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Perceptual Speed and Accuracy, Mechanical Reasoning, Space Relations, Spelling, and Language Usage. There is also a special form, the Differential Aptitude Test for Personnel and Career Assessment, in which each of the eight tests has been shortened and printed in a separate booklet. With this form, particular tests may be chosen for relevance to specific occupations and used singly.
It’s common practice in the employment advisory industry to provide tests for people to determine their career paths and preferences. The scientific basis of some of these tests, however, is debatable. That is a potentially serious problem.
When choosing a career, you need reliable information, and a lot of it. That includes career tests.
The original Myers-Briggs test is the actual scientific basis of most of what you see being called career aptitude tests. The difference between Myers-Briggs and others is that the Myers-Briggs people were fully qualified to conduct the tests, and did the actual research work to verify their results.
The Myers-Briggs test is actually a personality test, much more than a career-related test. Ironically, that’s why it’s a much stronger fit for most people as a career guide, because it deals with the person’s preferences.
Some people have begun research on character-based relationships with careers, but that’s relatively recent, and there’s obviously a lot more work to be done to provide good quality information to career seekers.
Perhaps worse, many tests around seem to borrow freely from each other. If you buy a few career books, and check out the tests they provide, some are so similar that it’s beyond any possibility of coincidence.
That rather undermines the credibility of the tests, too. The net and the media are full of recycled ideas, so why would these books be any different? It’s doubtful, even dealing with the same subject, that any two genuine sources could, or would, produce identical material.
Some of the exercises provided for career seekers and job hunters are much like homework, too. These questions can only be considered useful if they’re actually providing meaningful information for the users. The value of some tests is more than a bit debatable, when some questions provide roughly the same information than you’d expect on a drivers license.
Myers-Briggs tests are the actual, accepted, acknowledged, industry standard,
They’re accepted because their results are consistent and verifiable. Some people have even used their Myers-Briggs results in their resumes and CVs, as references. It’s worth noting that everybody in the HR industry knows what a Myers-Briggs test result means.
The reason these career tests are so important is because people do need the information career tests are supposed to give them. If the tests don’t deliver, they’re either useless, or misleading, which could be worse than useless.
It’s strange, really, that the employers, trainers, colleges, and everyone else in the employment arena haven’t insisted on a compulsory, reliable, testing methodology for all students.
The single biggest decision people make in their lives is their career. They need all the help they can get to make an informed decision. They’re under a lot of pressure to make that decision. Many people would say they’re put under too much pressure, too soon, at a vulnerable stage of their lives.
What’s the point of having whole generations of people groping about blindly for a career path? The world is seriously short of trained people, and if career tests are going to be a guessing game with no rules and no responsibilities, the situation could get a lot worse.
A few points about career tests generally, so you can do some quality control.
Next time you take a test, be critical, be demanding, and have a look at the quality and relevance of the questions:
1. Did you find the conclusions of the test hard to accept?
2. If, after taking the test, do you think you’ve received answers which are relevant and useful?
3. Did you learn anything new, which you consider helpful?
4. Did you just get the same information you already had, in a different form?
5. Have you seen any of the material in those tests anywhere else?
6. Do you consider that the information gained from the test would influence your decision regarding a career?
7. What do you think the test should have asked you, regarding your preferences?
8. Did you think the test was dumbed down, or written for adults?
9. Were you confused by the test, and found it vague in its results?
10. Do you consider the overall quality of the test of a high or low standard?
Taking a test is one thing, interpreting it is another. It’s the interpretation that has to be done scientifically, and properly researched.
Not to overstate the problems, but if the interpretation’s wrong, what use is the test? The possibility for sending someone down the wrong track is too high to be considered acceptable.
All forms of testing are supposed to be done on a reliable basis, and when researched, they’re checked to make sure results are consistent. Tests are supposed to prove something.
The early aptitude tests were based on demonstrated skills and ability to reason and solve problems. Educational testing works very much the same way, throughout school and high school. In fact, just about every form of testing works entirely on that basis. Even job interviews contain very much the same elements.
Career tests aren’t supposed to be guesses. Nor should people be paying for the privilege of taking tests where even the basic methodology of the tests is dubious.
You don’t get a drivers license on the basis of saying you’d like to buy a car. Why should you do a medical degree on the basis of a test that indicates you’d probably be good at playing Doctors and Nurses?
The only good thing to be said for some tests is that they use the Myers-Briggs test as a sort of template. That, at least, if done properly, won’t be totally misleading, although it would still be nice to know if the people creating the tests are qualified.
Take the Myers-Briggs test anyway, from the Myers-Briggs people, even if it costs a few bucks. Think about the results, and read what they have to say about their tests. Myers-Briggs don’t claim omniscience, just science.
That’s how this sort of testing is supposed to be done. The people taking the tests are supposed to be better informed, not just pigeon holed.
You know how hard it is to find the right clothes that fit well. Usually they have to be tailored to you. Your preferences in style, color, comfort, and the overall look are big factors. People prefer to be able to choose according to their own ideas, too. Some people insist on their own personal style. Others feel quite insecure wearing the wrong clothes.
How hard is it likely to be to find the right career that fits you?
Screening Tests: Choosing the Right Employees for the Job
Psychological tests are commonly employed as aids in occupational decisions, including both individual counseling and institutional decisions concerning selection and classification of personnel.
Organizations in the business and industrial sectors, in the federal, state, and local levels of government, and in the different branches of the armed services use almost every type of available test in personnel decision making. Multiple aptitude batteries and special aptitude tests have often been developed for occupational purposes, as have the situational tests(the term was popularized during and following World Ward II, it shows certain basic similarities to the job-sample techniques employed in constructing occupational achievement tests and to the performance-based assessment of educational achievement. In this type of test, performance is evaluated primarily in terms of emotional, interpersonal, attitudinal, and other personality variables of the test taker(the applicant), that may be advantageous to the company, rather than in terms of abilities and knowledge.
One of the most enduring typological classifications was devised by Jung (1921/1971) and has served as the foundation for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Two of the most fundamental premises used in interpreting the results of the MBTI (as mentioned earlier, it can also be used for screening applicants as it is valuable to the applicants in choosing a career) are (a) that all types are valuable and necessary and have special strengths and vulnerabilities and (b) that all individuals are more skilled within their preferred functions, processes, and attitudes. These characteristics have contributed to the popularity of the MBTI and to its application for a variety of purposes, including career guidance, counseling, and team selection and development.
Validation of Employment Tests
From the standpoint of both employee and employer, it is obviously of prime importance that individuals be placed in jobs for which they have appropriate qualifications. Effective placement also implies that traits irrelevant to the requirements of the particular job should not affect selection decisions, either favorably or unfavorably. If a mechanical ability test requires a much higher level of reading comprehension than does the job, its use would not lead to the most effective utilization of the personnel for that job. The simple psychometric fact that test validity must be ascertained for particular uses of the test has long been familiar. It has acquired new urgency because of the widespread concern about job placement of culturally and educationally disadvantaged minorities. An invalid test or one that includes elements not related to the job under consideration may unfairly exclude minority group members who could perform the job satisfactorily.
One approach to personnel selection uses assessment procedures that resemble the job situation as closely as possible. This resemblance, however, can never be complete. A probationary appointment comes closest to being a true replica of the job. But even in this case, the shortness of the period and the knowledge that the appointment is probationary may influence worker behavior in a number of ways. Job samples represent another attempt to approximate actual job performance. Here, the task is actually a part of the work to be performed on the job, but the task and working conditions are uniform for all applicants.
Some tests employ simulation to reproduce the functions performed on the job. Simulations merge imperceptibly with job samples. Another method is the assessment center techniques, which have been used largely in evaluating managerial or administrative personnel. A distinctive feature of this approach is the inclusion of situational test, such as the in-basket, a technique adapted for testing executives in many contexts. Simulating the familiar “in-basket” found on the administrator’s desk, this test provides a carefully prepared set of incoming letters, memoranda, reports, papers to be signed, and similar items. Before taking the test, the examinee has the opportunity to study background materials for orientation and information regarding the hypothetical job. During the test proper, the task is to handle all the matters in the in-basket as the examinee would do on the job. Other assessment center techniques may employ roleplaying, group problem-solving, and business games. A common feature is the use of multiple assessors and peer ratings.
Job Analysis and the Job Element Method
Content validation of personnel selection tests depends on a thorough and systematic job analysis. To be effective, a job analysis must identify the requirements that differentiate a particular job from other jobs. It should also concentrate on those aspects of performance that differentiate most sharply between the better and the poorer workers.
The Prediction of Job Performance
Also, many organizations require forecasts of future job performance in order to make personnel selection and placement decisions. For these purposes, the techniques of synthetic validation and validity generalization increasingly have become the alternatives of choice.
Synthetic Validation
The concept of synthetic validation is based on the job element method premise that it is possible to identify skills, knowledge, and other performance requirements common to many different jobs. Synthetic validity has been defined as “the inferring of validity in a specific situation from a systematic analysis of job elements, and a combination elemental validities into a whole.
Validity Generalization
Originally developed by Schmidt and Hunter (1977), this approach permits the application of prior validity findings to a new situation through meta-analytic techniques.
The Criterion of Job Performance
Within each validation studies, a single convenient measure of job performance typically has been used to represent “the’ criterion, regardless of the purpose of the prediction process. One new model of job performance which promises to play an important heuristic role is the multiple factor theory that John P. Campbell and his coworkers have been developing in conjunction with the U.S. Army Selection and Classification Project. Initially, it makes some fundamental distinctions between those aspects of work evaluation that are under the control of the worker (i.e. the behaviors involved in job performance itself—and those that are not—for example, the consequence of job performance(effectiveness), its relative costs(productivity), and the value placed on each of these aspects by the organization(utility). With regard to job performance itself, any job entails multiple performance components (tasks) and that the determinants of each component consist of various combinations of knowledge, skill, and motivational elements within the worker.
Reference:
http://www.fadvassessments.com
http://www.assessment.com
http://www.qksrv.net
http://www.aboutcareereducation.com
ANASTASI, A., & URBINA, S. (1997). Psychological testing. (7th ed., pp. 288, 449, 490-509). Philippines: Simon & Schuster Asia Pte Ltd.
Personality Tests: its value in choosing a career path
It is a very common activity for a person to feel dissatisfaction whenever he moves from one job to another and the bar of this dissatisfaction increases when he changes his job before six months. This dissatisfaction comes in one or it happens because of the mismatch of the job with the person.
This means a person chooses or caught in the wrong job, for example an art lover get caught in a financial institution. This kind of jobs mismatch makes a person feel uncomfortable due to which one changes the jobs instantly. One thing which a person can do to avoid all of this kind of discrepancy is a personality test. Personality test is a procedure which if one practices then he will get to know that according to his personality which a suitable job is for him.
Personality test is not a test for which a person needs to go to a doctor or because one can get through with this test on his own. This personality will surely help him to get a suitable job which also matches his attitude and that is the most important thing which one should take care about prior choosing a job.
If a person likes the work he does then he becomes less stressful and is less anxious and his job becomes an enjoyment for him. If a person is doing a work which he really wants and also which suites his personality becomes more potential and performs in a better manner and also in this state the person’s learning ability increases and that too with a very high rate.
To get through with a personality test is not a big hassle these days as it was in earlier period. If a person wants to practice a personality test then he can undergoes the test as these tests are available free of charge on the internet and one can find thousands of links in just a single go.
This can not be judged that all of the personality tests which are available online are useful because there are many tests which are permissible but also there are many which are used only for fun and entertainment. Most of the tests are free but still there are people who pay for these tests because they think that they will get the appropriate result from this service and they could be right as well.
If you want to be happy in your work, you need to find a career that suits your personality, meets your needs and helps you to achieve your personal goals. This article shows you how to use psychometric tests to identify the careers that you will enjoy.
It can be very difficult to separate the careers that suit your personality and abilities from the careers that would frustrate you or make you unhappy. To be happy and successful in a job, you need to ensure that your abilities, values and personality are well aligned with those needed for your chosen career and with those of the organization you work for.
Online psychometric tests are very useful for this sort of self-assessment - they are quick to complete and give you good information on which you can base your Decision Making.
An important approach is provided by Assessment.com with the MAPP test. This asks you a series of questions based on your work preferences, and then recommends the careers that suit your preferences
A different approach is provided by Analyze My Career provides a suite of powerful psychometric tests - its different tools help you to assess your personality and fundamental skills in key areas. From these, it is able to suggest a good range of occupations that will suit you. This approach is important in that it gives you an objective assessment of whether you have the skills needed to succeed in particular careers.
One of the most widely used multiple aptitude batteries is the Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT). First published in 1947, it was designed principally for use in educational and career counseling of students in grades 8-12 and adults with more than 9 years of schooling but who may not have graduated form high school.
The DAT comprises the following 8 tests: Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Perceptual Speed and Accuracy, Mechanical Reasoning, Space Relations, Spelling, and Language Usage. There is also a special form, the Differential Aptitude Test for Personnel and Career Assessment, in which each of the eight tests has been shortened and printed in a separate booklet. With this form, particular tests may be chosen for relevance to specific occupations and used singly.
It’s common practice in the employment advisory industry to provide tests for people to determine their career paths and preferences. The scientific basis of some of these tests, however, is debatable. That is a potentially serious problem.
When choosing a career, you need reliable information, and a lot of it. That includes career tests.
The original Myers-Briggs test is the actual scientific basis of most of what you see being called career aptitude tests. The difference between Myers-Briggs and others is that the Myers-Briggs people were fully qualified to conduct the tests, and did the actual research work to verify their results.
The Myers-Briggs test is actually a personality test, much more than a career-related test. Ironically, that’s why it’s a much stronger fit for most people as a career guide, because it deals with the person’s preferences.
Some people have begun research on character-based relationships with careers, but that’s relatively recent, and there’s obviously a lot more work to be done to provide good quality information to career seekers.
Perhaps worse, many tests around seem to borrow freely from each other. If you buy a few career books, and check out the tests they provide, some are so similar that it’s beyond any possibility of coincidence.
That rather undermines the credibility of the tests, too. The net and the media are full of recycled ideas, so why would these books be any different? It’s doubtful, even dealing with the same subject, that any two genuine sources could, or would, produce identical material.
Some of the exercises provided for career seekers and job hunters are much like homework, too. These questions can only be considered useful if they’re actually providing meaningful information for the users. The value of some tests is more than a bit debatable, when some questions provide roughly the same information than you’d expect on a drivers license.
Myers-Briggs tests are the actual, accepted, acknowledged, industry standard,
They’re accepted because their results are consistent and verifiable. Some people have even used their Myers-Briggs results in their resumes and CVs, as references. It’s worth noting that everybody in the HR industry knows what a Myers-Briggs test result means.
The reason these career tests are so important is because people do need the information career tests are supposed to give them. If the tests don’t deliver, they’re either useless, or misleading, which could be worse than useless.
It’s strange, really, that the employers, trainers, colleges, and everyone else in the employment arena haven’t insisted on a compulsory, reliable, testing methodology for all students.
The single biggest decision people make in their lives is their career. They need all the help they can get to make an informed decision. They’re under a lot of pressure to make that decision. Many people would say they’re put under too much pressure, too soon, at a vulnerable stage of their lives.
What’s the point of having whole generations of people groping about blindly for a career path? The world is seriously short of trained people, and if career tests are going to be a guessing game with no rules and no responsibilities, the situation could get a lot worse.
A few points about career tests generally, so you can do some quality control.
Next time you take a test, be critical, be demanding, and have a look at the quality and relevance of the questions:
1. Did you find the conclusions of the test hard to accept?
2. If, after taking the test, do you think you’ve received answers which are relevant and useful?
3. Did you learn anything new, which you consider helpful?
4. Did you just get the same information you already had, in a different form?
5. Have you seen any of the material in those tests anywhere else?
6. Do you consider that the information gained from the test would influence your decision regarding a career?
7. What do you think the test should have asked you, regarding your preferences?
8. Did you think the test was dumbed down, or written for adults?
9. Were you confused by the test, and found it vague in its results?
10. Do you consider the overall quality of the test of a high or low standard?
Taking a test is one thing, interpreting it is another. It’s the interpretation that has to be done scientifically, and properly researched.
Not to overstate the problems, but if the interpretation’s wrong, what use is the test? The possibility for sending someone down the wrong track is too high to be considered acceptable.
All forms of testing are supposed to be done on a reliable basis, and when researched, they’re checked to make sure results are consistent. Tests are supposed to prove something.
The early aptitude tests were based on demonstrated skills and ability to reason and solve problems. Educational testing works very much the same way, throughout school and high school. In fact, just about every form of testing works entirely on that basis. Even job interviews contain very much the same elements.
Career tests aren’t supposed to be guesses. Nor should people be paying for the privilege of taking tests where even the basic methodology of the tests is dubious.
You don’t get a drivers license on the basis of saying you’d like to buy a car. Why should you do a medical degree on the basis of a test that indicates you’d probably be good at playing Doctors and Nurses?
The only good thing to be said for some tests is that they use the Myers-Briggs test as a sort of template. That, at least, if done properly, won’t be totally misleading, although it would still be nice to know if the people creating the tests are qualified.
Take the Myers-Briggs test anyway, from the Myers-Briggs people, even if it costs a few bucks. Think about the results, and read what they have to say about their tests. Myers-Briggs don’t claim omniscience, just science.
That’s how this sort of testing is supposed to be done. The people taking the tests are supposed to be better informed, not just pigeon holed.
You know how hard it is to find the right clothes that fit well. Usually they have to be tailored to you. Your preferences in style, color, comfort, and the overall look are big factors. People prefer to be able to choose according to their own ideas, too. Some people insist on their own personal style. Others feel quite insecure wearing the wrong clothes.
How hard is it likely to be to find the right career that fits you?
Screening Tests: Choosing the Right Employees for the Job
Psychological tests are commonly employed as aids in occupational decisions, including both individual counseling and institutional decisions concerning selection and classification of personnel.
Organizations in the business and industrial sectors, in the federal, state, and local levels of government, and in the different branches of the armed services use almost every type of available test in personnel decision making. Multiple aptitude batteries and special aptitude tests have often been developed for occupational purposes, as have the situational tests(the term was popularized during and following World Ward II, it shows certain basic similarities to the job-sample techniques employed in constructing occupational achievement tests and to the performance-based assessment of educational achievement. In this type of test, performance is evaluated primarily in terms of emotional, interpersonal, attitudinal, and other personality variables of the test taker(the applicant), that may be advantageous to the company, rather than in terms of abilities and knowledge.
One of the most enduring typological classifications was devised by Jung (1921/1971) and has served as the foundation for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Two of the most fundamental premises used in interpreting the results of the MBTI (as mentioned earlier, it can also be used for screening applicants as it is valuable to the applicants in choosing a career) are (a) that all types are valuable and necessary and have special strengths and vulnerabilities and (b) that all individuals are more skilled within their preferred functions, processes, and attitudes. These characteristics have contributed to the popularity of the MBTI and to its application for a variety of purposes, including career guidance, counseling, and team selection and development.
Validation of Employment Tests
From the standpoint of both employee and employer, it is obviously of prime importance that individuals be placed in jobs for which they have appropriate qualifications. Effective placement also implies that traits irrelevant to the requirements of the particular job should not affect selection decisions, either favorably or unfavorably. If a mechanical ability test requires a much higher level of reading comprehension than does the job, its use would not lead to the most effective utilization of the personnel for that job. The simple psychometric fact that test validity must be ascertained for particular uses of the test has long been familiar. It has acquired new urgency because of the widespread concern about job placement of culturally and educationally disadvantaged minorities. An invalid test or one that includes elements not related to the job under consideration may unfairly exclude minority group members who could perform the job satisfactorily.
One approach to personnel selection uses assessment procedures that resemble the job situation as closely as possible. This resemblance, however, can never be complete. A probationary appointment comes closest to being a true replica of the job. But even in this case, the shortness of the period and the knowledge that the appointment is probationary may influence worker behavior in a number of ways. Job samples represent another attempt to approximate actual job performance. Here, the task is actually a part of the work to be performed on the job, but the task and working conditions are uniform for all applicants.
Some tests employ simulation to reproduce the functions performed on the job. Simulations merge imperceptibly with job samples. Another method is the assessment center techniques, which have been used largely in evaluating managerial or administrative personnel. A distinctive feature of this approach is the inclusion of situational test, such as the in-basket, a technique adapted for testing executives in many contexts. Simulating the familiar “in-basket” found on the administrator’s desk, this test provides a carefully prepared set of incoming letters, memoranda, reports, papers to be signed, and similar items. Before taking the test, the examinee has the opportunity to study background materials for orientation and information regarding the hypothetical job. During the test proper, the task is to handle all the matters in the in-basket as the examinee would do on the job. Other assessment center techniques may employ roleplaying, group problem-solving, and business games. A common feature is the use of multiple assessors and peer ratings.
Job Analysis and the Job Element Method
Content validation of personnel selection tests depends on a thorough and systematic job analysis. To be effective, a job analysis must identify the requirements that differentiate a particular job from other jobs. It should also concentrate on those aspects of performance that differentiate most sharply between the better and the poorer workers.
The Prediction of Job Performance
Also, many organizations require forecasts of future job performance in order to make personnel selection and placement decisions. For these purposes, the techniques of synthetic validation and validity generalization increasingly have become the alternatives of choice.
Synthetic Validation
The concept of synthetic validation is based on the job element method premise that it is possible to identify skills, knowledge, and other performance requirements common to many different jobs. Synthetic validity has been defined as “the inferring of validity in a specific situation from a systematic analysis of job elements, and a combination elemental validities into a whole.
Validity Generalization
Originally developed by Schmidt and Hunter (1977), this approach permits the application of prior validity findings to a new situation through meta-analytic techniques.
The Criterion of Job Performance
Within each validation studies, a single convenient measure of job performance typically has been used to represent “the’ criterion, regardless of the purpose of the prediction process. One new model of job performance which promises to play an important heuristic role is the multiple factor theory that John P. Campbell and his coworkers have been developing in conjunction with the U.S. Army Selection and Classification Project. Initially, it makes some fundamental distinctions between those aspects of work evaluation that are under the control of the worker (i.e. the behaviors involved in job performance itself—and those that are not—for example, the consequence of job performance(effectiveness), its relative costs(productivity), and the value placed on each of these aspects by the organization(utility). With regard to job performance itself, any job entails multiple performance components (tasks) and that the determinants of each component consist of various combinations of knowledge, skill, and motivational elements within the worker.
Reference:
http://www.fadvassessments.com
http://www.assessment.com
http://www.qksrv.net
http://www.aboutcareereducation.com
ANASTASI, A., & URBINA, S. (1997). Psychological testing. (7th ed., pp. 288, 449, 490-509). Philippines: Simon & Schuster Asia Pte Ltd.
Wednesday, November 26, 2008
Have You Heard?
Guys, have you heard of the so called blasphemous statement by Cebu representative Pablo Garcia? i would rather let you read it from the source, click on the link below or the title of the post.
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=418644&publicationSubCategoryId=63
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=418644&publicationSubCategoryId=63
Tuesday, September 16, 2008
At Pier1 Moonbay Marina
This was taken with Jean Garcia and Polo Ravales at the Pier1 Moonbay Marina in SBMA.
The photo was taken by Carlson(the guy at the left with Calix, the guy at the right).
Tuesday, September 2, 2008
A conversation about God
This is one of the best explanations of why God
allows pain
and suffering that I have seen. It's an
explanation other people
will understand.
A man went to a barbershop to have his hair cut
and his beard
trimmed. As the barber began to work, they began
to have a good
conversation. They talked about so many things
and various subjects.
When they eventually touched on the subject of
God, the barber said:
"I don't believe that God exists."
"Why do you say that?" asked the customer.
"Well, you just have to go out in the street to
realize that God
doesn't exist. Tell me, if God exists, would
there be so many sick
people? Would there be abandoned children? If God
existed,
there would be neither suffering nor pain. I
can't imagine a loving
God who would allow all of these things."
The customer thought for a moment, but didn't
respond because he
didn't want to start an argument. The barber
finished his job and the
customer left the shop. Just after he left the
barbershop, he saw a
man in the street with long, stringy, dirty hair
and an untrimmed
beard. He looked dirty and unkempt.
The customer turned back and entered the barber
shop again and he
said to the barber: "You know what? Barbers do
not exist."
"How can you say that?" asked the surprised
barber. "I am here, and
I am a barber. And I just worked on you!"
"No!" the customer exclaimed. "Barbers don't
exist because if they
did, there would be no people with dirty long
hair and untrimmed
beards, like that man outside."
"Ah, but barbers DO exist! That's what happens
when people do not
come to me."
"Exactly!", affirmed the customer. "That's the
point! God, too, DOES
exist! That's what happens when people do not go
to Him and don't
look to Him for help. That's why there's so much
pain and suffering
in the world."
True enough!
BE BLESSED & BE A BLESSING!
allows pain
and suffering that I have seen. It's an
explanation other people
will understand.
A man went to a barbershop to have his hair cut
and his beard
trimmed. As the barber began to work, they began
to have a good
conversation. They talked about so many things
and various subjects.
When they eventually touched on the subject of
God, the barber said:
"I don't believe that God exists."
"Why do you say that?" asked the customer.
"Well, you just have to go out in the street to
realize that God
doesn't exist. Tell me, if God exists, would
there be so many sick
people? Would there be abandoned children? If God
existed,
there would be neither suffering nor pain. I
can't imagine a loving
God who would allow all of these things."
The customer thought for a moment, but didn't
respond because he
didn't want to start an argument. The barber
finished his job and the
customer left the shop. Just after he left the
barbershop, he saw a
man in the street with long, stringy, dirty hair
and an untrimmed
beard. He looked dirty and unkempt.
The customer turned back and entered the barber
shop again and he
said to the barber: "You know what? Barbers do
not exist."
"How can you say that?" asked the surprised
barber. "I am here, and
I am a barber. And I just worked on you!"
"No!" the customer exclaimed. "Barbers don't
exist because if they
did, there would be no people with dirty long
hair and untrimmed
beards, like that man outside."
"Ah, but barbers DO exist! That's what happens
when people do not
come to me."
"Exactly!", affirmed the customer. "That's the
point! God, too, DOES
exist! That's what happens when people do not go
to Him and don't
look to Him for help. That's why there's so much
pain and suffering
in the world."
True enough!
BE BLESSED & BE A BLESSING!
Sunset by the City (I wish!)
This was taken in-front of the Metrobank - Iba, Zambales Branch last June 19, 2008. It was a beautiful sunset, too bad i wasn't on the beach.
Tuesday, June 17, 2008
In His Mother's Footsteps
Another inspiring story I came across with..
In His Mother's Footsteps
It was a busy day in our Costa Mesa, California, home. But then, with ten children and one on the way, every day was a bit hectic. On this particular day, however, I was having trouble doing even routine chores-all because of one little boy.
Len, who was three at the time, was on my heels no matter where I went. Whenever I stopped to do something and turned back around, I would trip over him. Several times I patiently suggested fun activities to keep him occupied.
"Wouldn't you like to play on the swing set?" I asked again. But he simply smiled an innocent smile and said, "Oh, that's all right, Mommy. I'd rather be in here with you." Then he continued to bounce happily along behind me.
After stepping on his toes for the fifth time, I began to lose my patience and insisted that he go outside and play with the other children. When I asked him why he was acting this way, he looked up at me with sweet green eyes and said, "Well, Mommy, in Primary my teacher told me to walk in Jesus' footsteps. But I can't see him, so I I'm walking in yours."
I gathered Len in my arms and held him close. Tears of love and humility spilled over from the prayer that grew in my heart, a prayer of thanks for the simple yet beautiful perspective of a three-year-old boy. This experience has served as a reminder to me of the vital role of a mother. While it is sobering to realize that I am a crucial link between my children and the Savior, I need to remember that since a mother is a copartner with God, I am in a position to receive guidance from one who truly cares and wants all of us to walk in Heavenly footsteps.
By: Davida Dalton, as Told To JoEllen Johnson
In His Mother's Footsteps
It was a busy day in our Costa Mesa, California, home. But then, with ten children and one on the way, every day was a bit hectic. On this particular day, however, I was having trouble doing even routine chores-all because of one little boy.
Len, who was three at the time, was on my heels no matter where I went. Whenever I stopped to do something and turned back around, I would trip over him. Several times I patiently suggested fun activities to keep him occupied.
"Wouldn't you like to play on the swing set?" I asked again. But he simply smiled an innocent smile and said, "Oh, that's all right, Mommy. I'd rather be in here with you." Then he continued to bounce happily along behind me.
After stepping on his toes for the fifth time, I began to lose my patience and insisted that he go outside and play with the other children. When I asked him why he was acting this way, he looked up at me with sweet green eyes and said, "Well, Mommy, in Primary my teacher told me to walk in Jesus' footsteps. But I can't see him, so I I'm walking in yours."
I gathered Len in my arms and held him close. Tears of love and humility spilled over from the prayer that grew in my heart, a prayer of thanks for the simple yet beautiful perspective of a three-year-old boy. This experience has served as a reminder to me of the vital role of a mother. While it is sobering to realize that I am a crucial link between my children and the Savior, I need to remember that since a mother is a copartner with God, I am in a position to receive guidance from one who truly cares and wants all of us to walk in Heavenly footsteps.
By: Davida Dalton, as Told To JoEllen Johnson
A VERY INSPIRING STORY
Even though Christmas is still a few months away, I would like to share this story that i came across with a couple of years ago through an email that was sent to me. It never failed to make me teary-eyed. This is a story of HOPE and FAITH. Read on..
Andoy's Story (This is very, very touching)
Somewhere in Milaor, Camarines Sur, Philippines
there lived a fourth grader boy named Andoy who
would follow this route to school everyday.
He has to cross the rugged plains and cross the
dangerous highway where vehicles are recklessly
driving to and from. Once passed this highway,
the boy would take a short cut by passing by the
Church every morning just to say Hi to Jesus,
and faithfully say his, "Magandang umaga po"
in Bicol dialect.
A Priest, who was so happy to find innocence so
uplifting in the
morning, was faithfully watching the
boy. "Kamusta Andoy!
Papasok ka na?" "Opo padre..." He would flash
his innocent grin,
the priest would be touched.
The priest was so concerned that one day he
talked to Andoy,
"From school...", he advised "do not cross the
highway,
you can pass through the Church and I can
accompany you to
the other side of the road... that way I can
see
that you are home safe.
"Thank you father." "Why don't you go home?
Why do you stay in this Church right after
school?"
"I just want to say "Hi" to my friend, Jesus,"
The priest would leave the boy to spend time
beside the altar,
talking by himself, but the priest hid behind
the
altar to listen to what
this boy has to say to his heavenly FATHER.
"You know my math exam was pretty bad today,
but I did not cheat - although my seatmate is
bullying me for notes...
I ate one cracker and drank my water, Itay had a
bad season and
all I can eat is this cracker. Thank you for
this! I saw a poor kitten that
was hungry and I know how he feels so I gave my
last cracker to him ...
funny but I am not that hungry.
Look, this is my last pair of slippers ... I
may
have to walk barefooted
next week ... you see this is about to be
broken.
But it is okay at least
I am still going to school ... some say we will
have a hard season this
year and some of my classmates have already
stopped going to school.
Please help them get back to school again,
please
Jesus? ...
Oh, you know, Inay had hit me again, it is
painful, but I know this pain
will pass away; at least I still have a
mother...
Jesus, you want to see
my bruises? I know you can heal
them...here...here and....oh .. blood ..
I guess you knew about this one huh? Please
don't be mad at Inay.
She is just tired and she worries for the food
in
our table and my
schooling that is why she hits us ...
Oh, I think I am in love ... there's this pretty
girl in my class, her name
is Anita ... do you think she will like me?
Anyway, at least I know you
will always like me, I don't have to be anybody
just to please you,
you are my very best friend! Hey your birthday
is
a month from now!
Aren't you excited? I am! Wait till you see my
gift for you.... But it is
a surprise! I hope you will like it! Oops, I
have
to go..." then he stood
up and calls out, "Padre, padre, I am finished
talking to my friend.
You can accompany me to the other side of the
road now"
Everyday this routine happens without fail for
Andoy.
Father Agaton shares this every Sunday to the
people in his church
because he has not seen a very pure faith and
trust in Jesus,
a very positive look at negative situations.
One Christmas day, Father Agaton was sick so he
could not make it to
Church, he was sent to the hospital. The Church
was left to 4 manangs
who would chant the rosary in 1000 miles per
hour
would not smile and
always find fault in what you do. They are also
very well versed in cursing
if you irritate them! They were kneeling, saying
their kilometric rosary
when Andoy, coming from his Christmas party,
playfully dashed in,
"Hello Jesus! "P----! (a curse) bata ka! Alam
mo
nang may nagdadasal
dito! Alis!" Poor Andoy was so
terrified, "Where's Father Agaton?
He is supposed to help me cross the street....
And to be able to
cross the street I will have to pass by this
church ... not only that,
I have to greet Jesus. Today is His birthday and
I have a gift right here....
Just as he was about to get the gift out of his
shirt, one manang pulled
his shirt and threw him out of the
church. "Susmaryosep! (does a sign
of the cross fervently) Alis kang bata ka, kung
hindi matatamaan ka!
So the boy had no choice but to cross the
dangerous side of the road
in front of the church.
He crossed. There was a blind curve. A fast
moving bus came in.
The boy was protecting his gift inside his
shirt, so he was not looking.
There was so little time. The bus hit Andoy and
he died on the spot.
A lot of people crowded the lifeless body of
the
young boy.
Then suddenly, out of nowhere a tall man
wearing
a white shirt and pants,
a face so mild and gentle, but with eyes full
of
tears. He came and lifted
the boy in his arms and he was crying.
The curious bystanders nudged the man in white,
and asked,
"Excuse me sir, are you related to this child?
Do you know this child?" The man, his face
mourning and
in agony answered, "He was my best friend."
He took the badly wrapped gift in the bloody
chest of Andoy
and placed it near his heart. He stood up and
carried the boy away
and they both disappeared in sight. The crowd
was bewildered.
The next day, Father Agaton learned of the
shocking news.
He immediately visited Andoy's house and wanted
to learn more
about the man in white. He asked Andoy's
parents.
"Do you know the man who took Andoy?"
"A man in white brought him here." sobbed the
mother.
"What did he say?" The father answered, "He did
not say anything.
He was mourning. We do not know him and yet he
was very lonely
at our son's death as if he knew our son very
well.
There was something peaceful and unexplainable
about him.
He brought my son home and then he smiled
gently.
He rubbed Andoy's hair away from his face and
kissed him on his
forehead. Then he whispered something to
Andoy." "What did he say?",
asked the priest. The father began, "He said to
my son... "Thank you
for the gift ... I will see you soon... you
will
be with me forever..."
Andoy's father continued, "You know for a
while,
I felt so wonderful.
I cried, but I do not know why. All I know is
that I cried tears of joy.
I could not explain it father.
When that man left, something peaceful came over
me. I felt a deep
sense of love inside. I could not explain the
joy
in my heart. I knew
my boy is in heaven now but tell me father, who
is this man that my
son talks to everyday in your church. You should
know because you are
always there... except on the time of his
death."
Father Agaton suddenly felt the tears welling
in
his eyes, with trembling
knees, he murmured, "He was talking to no
one....but....JESUS."
If you have been blessed by the story, please feel free to share it. :) Have a great day and God bless.
Andoy's Story (This is very, very touching)
Somewhere in Milaor, Camarines Sur, Philippines
there lived a fourth grader boy named Andoy who
would follow this route to school everyday.
He has to cross the rugged plains and cross the
dangerous highway where vehicles are recklessly
driving to and from. Once passed this highway,
the boy would take a short cut by passing by the
Church every morning just to say Hi to Jesus,
and faithfully say his, "Magandang umaga po"
in Bicol dialect.
A Priest, who was so happy to find innocence so
uplifting in the
morning, was faithfully watching the
boy. "Kamusta Andoy!
Papasok ka na?" "Opo padre..." He would flash
his innocent grin,
the priest would be touched.
The priest was so concerned that one day he
talked to Andoy,
"From school...", he advised "do not cross the
highway,
you can pass through the Church and I can
accompany you to
the other side of the road... that way I can
see
that you are home safe.
"Thank you father." "Why don't you go home?
Why do you stay in this Church right after
school?"
"I just want to say "Hi" to my friend, Jesus,"
The priest would leave the boy to spend time
beside the altar,
talking by himself, but the priest hid behind
the
altar to listen to what
this boy has to say to his heavenly FATHER.
"You know my math exam was pretty bad today,
but I did not cheat - although my seatmate is
bullying me for notes...
I ate one cracker and drank my water, Itay had a
bad season and
all I can eat is this cracker. Thank you for
this! I saw a poor kitten that
was hungry and I know how he feels so I gave my
last cracker to him ...
funny but I am not that hungry.
Look, this is my last pair of slippers ... I
may
have to walk barefooted
next week ... you see this is about to be
broken.
But it is okay at least
I am still going to school ... some say we will
have a hard season this
year and some of my classmates have already
stopped going to school.
Please help them get back to school again,
please
Jesus? ...
Oh, you know, Inay had hit me again, it is
painful, but I know this pain
will pass away; at least I still have a
mother...
Jesus, you want to see
my bruises? I know you can heal
them...here...here and....oh .. blood ..
I guess you knew about this one huh? Please
don't be mad at Inay.
She is just tired and she worries for the food
in
our table and my
schooling that is why she hits us ...
Oh, I think I am in love ... there's this pretty
girl in my class, her name
is Anita ... do you think she will like me?
Anyway, at least I know you
will always like me, I don't have to be anybody
just to please you,
you are my very best friend! Hey your birthday
is
a month from now!
Aren't you excited? I am! Wait till you see my
gift for you.... But it is
a surprise! I hope you will like it! Oops, I
have
to go..." then he stood
up and calls out, "Padre, padre, I am finished
talking to my friend.
You can accompany me to the other side of the
road now"
Everyday this routine happens without fail for
Andoy.
Father Agaton shares this every Sunday to the
people in his church
because he has not seen a very pure faith and
trust in Jesus,
a very positive look at negative situations.
One Christmas day, Father Agaton was sick so he
could not make it to
Church, he was sent to the hospital. The Church
was left to 4 manangs
who would chant the rosary in 1000 miles per
hour
would not smile and
always find fault in what you do. They are also
very well versed in cursing
if you irritate them! They were kneeling, saying
their kilometric rosary
when Andoy, coming from his Christmas party,
playfully dashed in,
"Hello Jesus! "P----! (a curse) bata ka! Alam
mo
nang may nagdadasal
dito! Alis!" Poor Andoy was so
terrified, "Where's Father Agaton?
He is supposed to help me cross the street....
And to be able to
cross the street I will have to pass by this
church ... not only that,
I have to greet Jesus. Today is His birthday and
I have a gift right here....
Just as he was about to get the gift out of his
shirt, one manang pulled
his shirt and threw him out of the
church. "Susmaryosep! (does a sign
of the cross fervently) Alis kang bata ka, kung
hindi matatamaan ka!
So the boy had no choice but to cross the
dangerous side of the road
in front of the church.
He crossed. There was a blind curve. A fast
moving bus came in.
The boy was protecting his gift inside his
shirt, so he was not looking.
There was so little time. The bus hit Andoy and
he died on the spot.
A lot of people crowded the lifeless body of
the
young boy.
Then suddenly, out of nowhere a tall man
wearing
a white shirt and pants,
a face so mild and gentle, but with eyes full
of
tears. He came and lifted
the boy in his arms and he was crying.
The curious bystanders nudged the man in white,
and asked,
"Excuse me sir, are you related to this child?
Do you know this child?" The man, his face
mourning and
in agony answered, "He was my best friend."
He took the badly wrapped gift in the bloody
chest of Andoy
and placed it near his heart. He stood up and
carried the boy away
and they both disappeared in sight. The crowd
was bewildered.
The next day, Father Agaton learned of the
shocking news.
He immediately visited Andoy's house and wanted
to learn more
about the man in white. He asked Andoy's
parents.
"Do you know the man who took Andoy?"
"A man in white brought him here." sobbed the
mother.
"What did he say?" The father answered, "He did
not say anything.
He was mourning. We do not know him and yet he
was very lonely
at our son's death as if he knew our son very
well.
There was something peaceful and unexplainable
about him.
He brought my son home and then he smiled
gently.
He rubbed Andoy's hair away from his face and
kissed him on his
forehead. Then he whispered something to
Andoy." "What did he say?",
asked the priest. The father began, "He said to
my son... "Thank you
for the gift ... I will see you soon... you
will
be with me forever..."
Andoy's father continued, "You know for a
while,
I felt so wonderful.
I cried, but I do not know why. All I know is
that I cried tears of joy.
I could not explain it father.
When that man left, something peaceful came over
me. I felt a deep
sense of love inside. I could not explain the
joy
in my heart. I knew
my boy is in heaven now but tell me father, who
is this man that my
son talks to everyday in your church. You should
know because you are
always there... except on the time of his
death."
Father Agaton suddenly felt the tears welling
in
his eyes, with trembling
knees, he murmured, "He was talking to no
one....but....JESUS."
If you have been blessed by the story, please feel free to share it. :) Have a great day and God bless.
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